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In HD Piezoresponse Force Microscopy mode (HD PFM) an AC voltage is applied to the conductive AFM cantilever when the tip comes in contact with the sample during each fast force spectroscopy cycle. Applied AC voltage causes mechanical oscillations of the piezoelectric (ferroelectric) sample.Corresponding vertical and lateral motions of the AFM tip are recorded and processed to get the amplitude and phase characterizing the local piezoelectric coefficient and local polarization direction respectively. Since the AFM tip retracts from the surface in each scanning point, the lateral tipsample interaction force is significantly reduced in comparison to the conventional contact PFM technique. This provides new capabilities for piezoresponse studies of soft, loose and fragile objects like biological samples, nanoparticles etc. Furthermore an AFM cantilever of higher stiffness and resonance frequency can be used.

Rebirth of Force Spectroscopy Advanced Nanomechanical, Electrical, Optical, Thermal and Piezoresponse Studies Fast Quantitative Nanomechanical Measurements and Force Volume Simultaneous Electrostatic and Nondestructive Conductivity, Piezoresponse and Thermal Studies Advanced CantileverType TipEnhanced Raman Scattering and Scanning NearField Optical Microscopy Topography in Attraction and Repulsive Regimes Young’s Modulus and Force Volume Adhesion and Work of Adhesion Conductivity InPlane and OutofPlane Piezoresponse Temperature and Thermal Conductivity Thermoelectric Electrostatic Kelvin Probe Force, Electrostatic Force and Scanning Capacitance Force Microscopy NearField Component of Optical Response TipEnhanced Raman Scattering In HybriD mode the tipsample distance is modulated according to the quasiharmonic law.

BE.DENT.PRO is a unique simulator that combines tooth preparation on a phantom with simultaneous 3D visualization of every action on a screen and automatic assessment of the performed procedure. THE TRACKING SYSTEM The microsensors, attached to the dental handpiece, are tracked in full 6DOF (6 Degrees-Of-Freedom) at speeds up to 240 Hz achieving impressive accuracy. THE SOFTWARE The truly unique software is structured in modules to visualize and assess various dental procedures: starting from history taking and X-Ray imaging up to anesthetic injection and crown preparation. THE ASSESSMENT CRITERIA The trainee obtains feedback about his/her performance both during a simulation training in real time and after completing it. The assessed criteria are history taken from a virtual patient, relevance of the chosen anesthetic, injection technique, quantitative parameters of tooth preparation, ergonomics and safety parameters.