Ionic - Import export

?-Ketoglutarate (?-KG) is an important intermediate of the TCA cycle. It is used as an indicator of enhanced uptake of glucose metabolites into the TCA cycle and of enhanced glutaminolysis, the metabolic pathway for supplying ?-ketoglutarate using glutamine as a substrate. ?-Ketoglutarate plays an essential role in the production of glutamate and ?-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and contributes to the scavenging of reactive oxygen species. Additionally, a recent cancer study suggested that ?-ketoglutarate behaves effectively for tumor suppression through the p53 protein1.