Combustion processes - Import export

Industries will generate Low CV waste gases, which are either difficult to burn or can contain insufficient energy to self-sustain the combustion process. For these applications, Europem developed the proprietary “ring-of-fire” Flare Tip. This tip has a ring of flame around the central waste gas tip thus ensuring complete oxidation of the low calorific waste gas. Both air assisted and non-assisted flare burners are available. Key features Proprietary design of HP sonic gas nozzle which maximises the entrainment of ambient air into the combustion zone Wind shield placed around the HP gas nozzles to prevent flame pull down Use of high grade alloys to enhance lifetime of the flare tip. Key advantages Smokeless operation at low heat radiation 100% smokeless turn down possible for air assisted HP flares Lower flare stack heights No need for any assist medium A low pressure flare can be integrated with the HP sonic flare to provide both HP and LP gas flaring in a single flare tip. Suitable for smokeless combustion of waste gas with entrained liquids Applications Upstream oil & gas sector Chemical and petrochemical industries including refineries Pipeline transport LNG and NG terminals and compressor stations

A fluidised bed incinerator is the technology of choice for the combustion of many sludge streams or solid waste streams with a high moisture content. In a fluidised bed reactor, an inert material, typically calibrated quartz sand, is fluidised by blowing air through the bed. The sand bed expands and provides an ideal medium for the mixing of waste with combustion air. Because the fluidised bed is maintained at an elevated temperature, typically between 650°C and 800°C the water evaporates and volatile organic compounds mix with combustion air whilst escaping from the fluidised bed. EUROPEM fluidised bed reactors are bubbling fluidised beds with high turbulence. Different feeding systems can be supplied ranging from feeding screws and over spreader stokers to injection lances. Key Features Turbulent bubbling fluidized bed of inert material Different feeding systems for solid waste, waste liquids and waste gases Can be operated in a reducing or oxidising environment Key Advantages - Robust and flexible design to burn sludge or solid waste with high moisture content – Stable combustion process of waste with varying moisture content over time – Proven technology – Destruction efficiency over 99.99% and less than 1% carbon in the ashes – Low NOx and CO emissions possible – Flue gas treatment train needed to meet acid, heavy metal, dust and PCDD/F emission levels

Ground flares can be either natural draft or forced draft, with or without temperature control and can be equipped with a single burner or with multiple burner arrangements: EP-PF Pipe Flare EP-EAS External Assist Steam EP-IAS Internal Assists Steam EP-EAS/IAS External/Internal Assist Steam EP-AA Air Assist EP-GA Gas Assist EP-CAA Compressed Air Assist EP-HP-PF High Pressure Pipe Flare EP-HP-MAS High Pressure Multi Arm Sonic EP-MP Multi Point EP-BP Burn Pit Special tailor made Flare Tips can be offered for specific applications. Europem Venturi Flame Shield (VFS) Europem has developed the proprietary Venturi Flame Shield giving double protection against flame lick. The VFS also pushes air up towards tip exit, leading to an enhanced and more stable combustion process. The VFS can be integrated into most Europem Flare Tips but is particularly suitable for H2S flares, ammonia flares, hydrocarbon flares and lean waste gas flares.

Europem can supply complete flare systems as well as Flare Tips on their own for replacement or upgrade and refurbishment projects. The following standard Flare Tips are available: EP-PF Pipe Flare EP-EAS External Assist Steam EP-IAS Internal Assists Steam EP-EAS/IAS External/Internal Assist Steam EP-AA Air Assist EP-GA Gas Assist EP-CAA Compressed Air Assist EP-HP-PF High Pressure Pipe Flare EP-HP-MAS High Pressure Multi Arm Sonic EP-MP Multi Point EP-BP Burn Pit Special tailor made Flare Tips can be offered for specific applications. Europem Venturi Flame Shield (VFS) Europem has developed the proprietary Venturi Flame Shield giving double protection against flame lick. The VFS also pushes air up towards tip exit, leading to an enhanced and more stable combustion process. The VFS can be integrated into most Europem Flare Tips but is particularly suitable for H2S flares, ammonia flares, hydrocarbon flares and lean waste gas flares.

In cases where waste liquid’s or suspension’s need to be incinerated, EUROPEM uses liquid fuel injection lances equipped with ultrasonic atomisation nozzles, resulting in very fine droplets and an almost gas-like combustion process. This nozzle uses an atomizing fluid such as superheated LP steam or compressed air. EUROPEM Natural Draft and Forced Draft Burners Different configurations for the atomization nozzle are possible, depending on the burner design, capacity range and the desired spray pattern in relation to the combustion chamber. The nozzle operates based on the Hartmann Generator principle and was originally developed the early 1970s. In 2007, the nozzle was optimized and now has a fuel turndown ratio of 10:1. Hartmann Generator principle: Through a jet nozzle (D), a gaseous fluid flows with supercritical pressure ratio – meaning sonic speed. According to Mach and Salcher a periodical structure will build up in the stream (dotted line). Graph K shows the pressure cycles along the length of the gas stream. Oscillations occur by filling (pressurizing) and deflating the hollow space H. This is the principle used for the Ultrasonic Nozzle. A Hartmann Generator is placed as a concentric ring around a central liquid fuel pipe. The high exit speed of the atomizing fluid (compressed air, steam or combustible gas) alone achieves a rough atomization, caused by the negative pressure. The ultrasonic effect created by the Hartmann Generator oscillates the pre-atomized droplets at a high frequency, and further fragments the droplets into a very fine mist. Advantages: Low and high viscosity fluids are atomized into smallest possible droplets. No limitation on ash content and other solid particles in liquid fuels. Various fuel types can be used in one nozzle, no limitation on fuel mixtures. High durability due to low operating pressure for fuel and atomizer. Different nozzle types to obtain different spraying paterns

Enclosed ground flares are suitable for thermal destruction of a wide range of waste gases including rich and lean gas mixtures. Where the burners are housed in a cylindrical vessel resulting in the combustion process being out of sight and more controllable in comparison to elevated flares. Enclosed ground flares can also be designed with or without temperature control. With temperature control, a minimum residence time, at a specific combustion temperature can be set and guaranteed. Consequently, temperature controlled ground flares, also called combustors or thermal oxidisers, can meet the most stringent emission values. The emissions can be monitored with chemical emission monitoring (CEM) units. Features Can be equipped with Europem’ proprietary Tulip Venturi Burner for the combustion of lean waste gases or with multiple burners designed for the flaring of large capacities (modulated flaring is possible) Operating at varying temperatures depending on the load of the ground flare Smokeless operation and high destruction efficiency by ensuring some turbulence around the flame and sufficient residence time at elevated temperatures Simple control system, because the combustion temperature is allowed to fluctuate Provisions for support fuel in cases of combustion of lean waste gases or cooling air in cases of rich waste gas combustion Can be supplied as natural draft or forced draft system Can be supplied with or without temperature control Advantages No visible flame and reduced visibility of the installation due to lower stack heights Reduced noise levels Minimal heat radiation Possibility for emissions sampling High destruction efficiencies and smokeless operation Applications Tank farms and ship loading terminals Chemical and petrochemical industries Food processing industry Waste management plants